8.4 集合的类型
8.4 集合的类型
标准
8.4.1 Vector
- 崩溃
Java
//: CrashJava.java
// One way to crash Java
import java.util.*;
public class CrashJava {
public String toString() {
return "CrashJava address: " + this + "\n";
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Vector v = new Vector();
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
v.addElement(new CrashJava());
System.out.println(v);
}
} ///:~
若只是简单地创建一个
此时发生的是字串的自动类型转换。当我们使用下述语句时：
"CrashJava address: " + this
编译器就在一个字串后面发现了一个“+”以及好象并非字串的其他东西，所以它会试图将
若确实想在这种情况下打印出对象的地址，解决方案就是调用
8.4.2 BitSet
此外，
在一个普通的
//: Bits.java
// Demonstration of BitSet
import java.util.*;
public class Bits {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Random rand = new Random();
// Take the LSB of nextInt():
byte bt = (byte)rand.nextInt();
BitSet bb = new BitSet();
for(int i = 7; i >=0; i--)
if(((1 << i) & bt) != 0)
bb.set(i);
else
bb.clear(i);
System.out.println("byte value: " + bt);
printBitSet(bb);
short st = (short)rand.nextInt();
BitSet bs = new BitSet();
for(int i = 15; i >=0; i--)
if(((1 << i) & st) != 0)
bs.set(i);
else
bs.clear(i);
System.out.println("short value: " + st);
printBitSet(bs);
int it = rand.nextInt();
BitSet bi = new BitSet();
for(int i = 31; i >=0; i--)
if(((1 << i) & it) != 0)
bi.set(i);
else
bi.clear(i);
System.out.println("int value: " + it);
printBitSet(bi);
// Test bitsets >= 64 bits:
BitSet b127 = new BitSet();
b127.set(127);
System.out.println("set bit 127: " + b127);
BitSet b255 = new BitSet(65);
b255.set(255);
System.out.println("set bit 255: " + b255);
BitSet b1023 = new BitSet(512);
// Without the following, an exception is thrown
// in the Java 1.0 implementation of BitSet:
// b1023.set(1023);
b1023.set(1024);
System.out.println("set bit 1023: " + b1023);
}
static void printBitSet(BitSet b) {
System.out.println("bits: " + b);
String bbits = new String();
for(int j = 0; j < b.size() ; j++)
bbits += (b.get(j) ? "1" : "0");
System.out.println("bit pattern: " + bbits);
}
} ///:~
随机数字生成器用于创建一个随机的
8.4.3 Stack
一种很少见的做法是拒绝使用
下面是一个简单的栈示例，它能读入数组的每一行，同时将其作为字串压入栈。
//: Stacks.java
// Demonstration of Stack Class
import java.util.*;
public class Stacks {
static String[] months = {
"January", "February", "March", "April",
"May", "June", "July", "August", "September",
"October", "November", "December" };
public static void main(String[] args) {
Stack stk = new Stack();
for(int i = 0; i < months.length; i++)
stk.push(months[i] + " ");
System.out.println("stk = " + stk);
// Treating a stack as a Vector:
stk.addElement("The last line");
System.out.println(
"element 5 = " + stk.elementAt(5));
System.out.println("popping elements:");
while(!stk.empty())
System.out.println(stk.pop());
}
} ///:~
8.4.4 Hashtable
在
//: AssocArray.java
// Simple version of a Dictionary
import java.util.*;
public class AssocArray extends Dictionary {
private Vector keys = new Vector();
private Vector values = new Vector();
public int size() { return keys.size(); }
public boolean isEmpty() {
return keys.isEmpty();
}
public Object put(Object key, Object value) {
keys.addElement(key);
values.addElement(value);
return key;
}
public Object get(Object key) {
int index = keys.indexOf(key);
// indexOf() Returns -1 if key not found:
if(index == -1) return null;
return values.elementAt(index);
}
public Object remove(Object key) {
int index = keys.indexOf(key);
if(index == -1) return null;
keys.removeElementAt(index);
Object returnval = values.elementAt(index);
values.removeElementAt(index);
return returnval;
}
public Enumeration keys() {
return keys.elements();
}
public Enumeration elements() {
return values.elements();
}
// Test it:
public static void main(String[] args) {
AssocArray aa = new AssocArray();
for(char c = 'a'; c <= 'z'; c++)
aa.put(String.valueOf(c),
String.valueOf(c)
.toUpperCase());
char[] ca = { 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u' };
for(int i = 0; i < ca.length; i++)
System.out.println("Uppercase: " +
aa.get(String.valueOf(ca[i])));
}
} ///:~
在对
标准
③：如计划使用
④：如这种速度的提升仍然不能满足你对性能的要求，甚至可以编写自己的散列表例程，从而进一步加快表格的检索过程。这样做可避免在与
作为应用散列表的一个例子，可考虑用一个程序来检验
//: Statistics.java
// Simple demonstration of Hashtable
import java.util.*;
class Counter {
int i = 1;
public String toString() {
return Integer.toString(i);
}
}
class Statistics {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Hashtable ht = new Hashtable();
for(int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
// Produce a number between 0 and 20:
Integer r =
new Integer((int)(Math.random() * 20));
if(ht.containsKey(r))
((Counter)ht.get(r)).i++;
else
ht.put(r, new Counter());
}
System.out.println(ht);
}
} ///:~
在
假如键以前尚未发现过，那么方法
为显示散列表，只需把它简单地打印出来即可。
{19=526, 18=533, 17=460, 16=513, 15=521, 14=495,
13=512, 12=483, 11=488, 10=487, 9=514, 8=523,
7=497, 6=487, 5=480, 4=489, 3=509, 2=503, 1=475,
0=505}
大家或许会对
- 创建“关键”类
在前面的例子里，我们用一个标准库的类（Integer）作为
//: SpringDetector.java
// Looks plausible, but doesn't work right.
import java.util.*;
class Groundhog {
int ghNumber;
Groundhog(int n) { ghNumber = n; }
}
class Prediction {
boolean shadow = Math.random() > 0.5;
public String toString() {
if(shadow)
return "Six more weeks of Winter!";
else
return "Early Spring!";
}
}
public class SpringDetector {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Hashtable ht = new Hashtable();
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
ht.put(new Groundhog(i), new Prediction());
System.out.println("ht = " + ht + "\n");
System.out.println(
"Looking up prediction for groundhog #3:");
Groundhog gh = new Groundhog(3);
if(ht.containsKey(gh))
System.out.println((Prediction)ht.get(gh));
}
} ///:~
每个
看起来似乎非常简单，但实际是不可行的。问题在于
因此，为了在散列表中将自己的类作为键使用，必须同时覆盖
//: SpringDetector2.java
// If you create a class that's used as a key in
// a Hashtable, you must override hashCode()
// and equals().
import java.util.*;
class Groundhog2 {
int ghNumber;
Groundhog2(int n) { ghNumber = n; }
public int hashCode() { return ghNumber; }
public boolean equals(Object o) {
return (o instanceof Groundhog2)
&& (ghNumber == ((Groundhog2)o).ghNumber);
}
}
public class SpringDetector2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Hashtable ht = new Hashtable();
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
ht.put(new Groundhog2(i),new Prediction());
System.out.println("ht = " + ht + "\n");
System.out.println(
"Looking up prediction for groundhog #3:");
Groundhog2 gh = new Groundhog2(3);
if(ht.containsKey(gh))
System.out.println((Prediction)ht.get(gh));
}
} ///:~
注意这段代码使用了来自前一个例子的
- 属性：
Hashtable 的一种类型
在本书的第一个例子中，我们使用了一个名为
Properties p = System.getProperties();
p.list(System.out);
调用了一个名为
尽管
我们现在可以开始演示
//: Enumerators2.java
// Revisiting Enumerations
import java.util.*;
class PrintData {
static void print(Enumeration e) {
while(e.hasMoreElements())
System.out.println(
e.nextElement().toString());
}
}
class Enumerators2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Vector v = new Vector();
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
v.addElement(new Mouse(i));
Hashtable h = new Hashtable();
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
h.put(new Integer(i), new Hamster(i));
System.out.println("Vector");
PrintData.print(v.elements());
System.out.println("Hashtable");
PrintData.print(h.elements());
}
} ///:~
注意