Student stu[100];1

Student stu[100] =
{
    Student(参数列表。。)， //自定义构造函数初始化
    Student()，//默认构造函数初始化
    ......
    ....
}1234567

Time operator +（const Time &t）const;
Friend Time operator +(const Time &t1,const Time &t2);12

StringBad::StringBad(const StringBad & st)
{
    Xxx
    Xxx
}
123456

Class_name & Class_name::operator = (const Class_name &);1

StringBad & StringBad::operator =(const StringBad &);1

StringBad & StringBad::operator =(const StringBad & st)
{
    if(this==&st)
        return *this;
    delete [] str; //释放老的stirng
    len=st.len;
    str=new char [len+1];
    std::strcpy(str,st.str);
    return *this;
}12345678910

#ifndef MYSTRING_H_
#define MYSTRING_H_
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class MyString
{
    private:
        char * str;
        int len;
        static int num_of_strings;
        //cin limits,只有const整形才能够在这里直接赋值！！！
        static const int CINLIM=80;

    public:
        //constructors and other methods
        MyString ();
        MyString(const char * s);
        ~MyString();//destructor

        MyString (const MyString & ms);//copy constructor

        int lenth() const
        {
            return len;
        }


        //overload operator methods
        MyString & operator =(const MyString & ms);
        MyString & operator =(const char * s);

        char & operator [](int i);  //can access and modified
        const char & operator [](int i)const; //can access but can't modified

        //overload operator friends
        //输入输出
        friend ostream & operator <<(ostream & os,const MyString & ms);
        friend istream & operator >>(istream & is,MyString & ms);

        //字符串比较
        friend bool operator <(MyString & ms1,MyString & ms2);
        friend bool operator >(MyString & ms1,MyString & ms2);
        friend bool operator ==(MyString & ms1,MyString & ms2);

        //静态方法
        static int howMany();
};
#endif123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748

#include "mystring.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <cctype>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;

//首先初始化静态的变量
int MyString::num_of_strings=0;

int MyString::howMany()
{
    return num_of_strings;
}


//realize the constructor
MyString::MyString ()
{
    len=0;
    str=new char[len+1];
    str[0]='\0';
    ++num_of_strings;
    cout<<"using default constructor to init!: "<<str<<endl;
    cout<<"we have "<<num_of_strings<<" objects now!"<<endl<<endl;
}

MyString::MyString(const char * s)
{
    len=strlen(s);
    str=new char[len+1];
    strcpy(str,s);
    ++num_of_strings;
    cout<<"using artificial constructor to init!: "<<str<<endl;
    cout<<"we have "<<num_of_strings<<" objects now!"<<endl<<endl;
}

MyString::~MyString()
{
    --num_of_strings;
    cout<<"\""<<str<<"\""<<" deleted\n"<<endl;
    cout<<"we have "<<num_of_strings<<" objects now!"<<endl<<endl;
    delete [] str;
}


//realize the copy constructor
//本质就是进行深度复制，目的是保持每个对象的独立性
//不会是因为删除其中一个或是怎么的而影响到另外一个
MyString::MyString(const MyString & ms)
{
    ++num_of_strings;
    len=ms.len;
    //重新分配空间
    str=new char[len+1];
    strcpy(str,ms.str);
    cout<<"using the copy constructor to init!: "<<str<<endl;
    cout<<"we have "<<num_of_strings<<" objects now!"<<endl<<endl;
}

ostream & operator <<(ostream & os,const MyString & ms)
{
    os<<"Infomation:\n";
    os<<"content of the string: "<<ms.str<<endl;
    os<<"lenth of the string: "<<ms.len<<endl<<endl;
    return os;
}
istream & operator >>(istream & is,MyString & ms)
{
    char buffer[MyString::CINLIM];
    is.get(buffer,MyString::CINLIM);
    if(is)
        ms=buffer;
    while(is&&is.get()!='\n')
       continue;
    return is;
}
//重载赋值运算符需要注意的！
//函数应该避免将对象赋给自己，所以前面应当进行比较。
//函数会有一个清除当前内存的动作，因为以前可能会有数据在其中
//这就是为什么要比较两个对象的原因，因为相同的对象，删除其中任何的元素都会破坏另外的元素
//按照自己的需要进行深度复制
MyString & MyString::operator=(const MyString & ms)
{
    if(this==&ms)
    {
        return *this;
    }
    delete [] str;
    len=ms.len;
    str=new char[len+1];
    strcpy(str,ms.str);
    return *this;
}

MyString & MyString::operator=(const char * s)
{
    delete [] str;
    len=strlen(s);
    str=new char[len+1];
    strcpy(str,s);
    return *this;
}

char & MyString::operator [](int i)
{
    return str[i];
}

const char & MyString::operator [](int i) const
{
    return str[i];
}

bool operator <(MyString & ms1,MyString & ms2)
{
    return (strcmp(ms1.str,ms2.str)<0);
}
bool operator >(MyString & ms1,MyString & ms2)
{
    return (strcmp(ms1.str,ms2.str)>0);
}
bool operator ==(MyString & ms1,MyString & ms2)
{
    return (strcmp(ms1.str,ms2.str)==0);
}123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
#include "mystring.h"
using namespace std;
int main()
{
    MyString ms1;
    MyString ms2("leonardo dicapeio");
    MyString ms3=ms2;
    cout<<ms2;
    MyString ms4;
    ms4=ms2;
    cout<<ms4;
    cout<<"the numbers of objects we have:\n"<<MyString::howMany()<<endl;
    MyString ms5="fuck off";
    cout<<ms5;
    cout<<ms5[5]<<endl;
    if(ms1>ms5)
        cout<<"YES!!!"<<endl;
    else
        cout<<"NO!!!!"<<endl;
    return 0;
}1234567891011121314151617181920212223

//version1
Vector Max(const Vector & v1,const Vector & v2)
{
......
}

//version2
const Vector  & Max(const Vector & v1,const Vector & v2)
{
......
}1234567891011

#ifndef TEST_H_
#define TEST_H_
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Player
{
    private:
        string name;
        bool hasTable;
    public:
        Player();
        Player(const string & na,bool ht);
        void show_old();
        void reset_table(bool v)
        {
            hasTable=v;
        }
};
class NewPlayer : public Player
{
    private:
        int score;
    public:
        NewPlayer();
        NewPlayer(const string & na,bool ht,int sco);
        NewPlayer(const Player & pl,int sco);
        void reset_score(int sco);
        void show_new();
};
#endif123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930

#include "test.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

//实现基类
Player::Player()
{
    name="NULL";
    hasTable=false;
}
Player::Player(const string & na,bool ht):name(na),hasTable(ht)
{

}

void Player::show_old()
{
    cout<<"Info\n";
    cout<<"name: "<<name<<endl;
    cout<<"hastable: "<<hasTable<<endl;
}


//实现派生类
NewPlayer::NewPlayer():Player(),score(0)
{

}

NewPlayer::NewPlayer(const string & na,bool ht,int sco):Player(na,ht),score(sco)
{

}
NewPlayer::NewPlayer(const Player & pl,int sco):Player(pl),score(sco)
{

}
void NewPlayer::reset_score(int sco)
{
    score=sco;
}
void NewPlayer::show_new()
{
    show_old();
    cout<<"score: "<<score<<endl<<endl;
}   1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647

#include "test.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
    Player p1;
    p1.show_old();
    NewPlayer p2;
    //p2.show_old();
    p2.show_new();
    NewPlayer p3("leoanrdo",true,100);
    p3.show_new();
    NewPlayer p4=NewPlayer(p1,100);
    p4.show_new();
    return 0;
}12345678910111213141516

#ifndef BANK_H_
#define BANK_H_
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Brass
{
    private:
        string m_name;  //用户名
        string m_accountNumber; //账号
        double m_balance;       //余额

    public:
        //构造函数用来创建账户 (使用默认参数大量减少重载函数声明)
        Brass(const string & name="No Name",const string & accnum="-1",double balance=0.0);

        //存款
        void deposit(double money);

        //取款(凡是在派生类中将要被重写的都声明为virtual)
        virtual void withdraw(double money);
        //得到余额
        double getBalance() const;
        //显示整个用户的信息
        virtual void viewAcct() const;
        //析构函数
        virtual ~Brass() {};
};

class BrassPlus : public Brass
{
    private:
        double maxLoan; //透支上限
        double rate;    //透支利率
        double owesBank;//当前透支总额
    public:
        BrassPlus(const string & name="No Name",const string & accnum="-1", double balance=0.0,double ml=500,double r=0.111125);
        BrassPlus(Brass & br,double ml=500,double r=0.111125);

        virtual void withdraw(double money);
        virtual void viewAcct() const;
        void resetMax(double m)
        {
            maxLoan=m;
        }

        void resetRate(double r)
        {
            rate=r;
        }

        void resetowes()
        {
            owesBank=0;
        }

};
#endif123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657

#include "bank.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

//先实现基类
Brass::Brass(const string & name,const string & accnum,double balance)
{
    m_name=name;
    m_accountNumber=accnum;
    m_balance=balance;
}

void Brass::deposit(double money)
{
    if(money<0)
        {
            cout<<"the number should be positive!!!"<<endl;
            cout<<"the deposit has been canceled!!"<<endl<<endl;
        }
    else
        {
            m_balance+=money;
            cout<<"deposit succssful!!!"<<endl<<endl;
        }
}

void Brass::withdraw(double money)
{
    if(money<0)
        {
            cout<<"the number should be positive!!!"<<endl;
            cout<<"the withdraw has been canceled!!"<<endl<<endl;
        }
    else if(money<=m_balance)
        {
            m_balance-=money;
            cout<<"deposit succssful!!!"<<endl<<endl;
        }
    else
        {
            cout<<"money you want to withdraw is exceed the balance!!"<<endl;
            cout<<"the withdraw has been canceled!!"<<endl<<endl;
        }
}

double Brass::getBalance() const
{
    return m_balance;
}

void Brass::viewAcct() const
{
    cout<<"Infomation:"<<endl;
    cout<<"Client: "<<m_name<<endl;
    cout<<"Account Number: "<<m_accountNumber<<endl;
    cout<<"Balance: "<<m_balance<<endl;
}


//实现派生类
BrassPlus::BrassPlus(const string & name,const string & accnum,
                    double balance,double ml,double r):Brass(name,accnum,balance)
{
    maxLoan=ml;
    owesBank=0.0;
    rate=r;
}

BrassPlus::BrassPlus(Brass & br,double ml,double r):Brass(br)
{
    maxLoan=ml;
    owesBank=0.0;
    rate=r;
}

    //重写函数
void BrassPlus::withdraw(double money)
{
    double ba=getBalance();//虽然自己已经继承了m_balance，但是他是私有的，因此用基类公共的方法访问
    if(money<=ba)
        Brass::withdraw(money);
    else if(money<=ba+maxLoan-owesBank)
    {
        double advance=money-ba;
        owesBank+=advance*(1.0+rate);
        cout<<"advance: "<<advance<<endl;
        deposit(advance);
        Brass::withdraw(money);
    }
    else
    {
        cout<<"Too big and canceld"<<endl;
    }
}

void BrassPlus::viewAcct() const
{
    Brass::viewAcct();
    cout<<"new Info:"<<endl;
    cout<<"maxLoan:"<<maxLoan<<endl<<endl<<endl;
}123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101

#include "bank.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
    //构造函数和默认参数测试
    Brass br1;
    br1.viewAcct();

    Brass br2("leo");
    br2.viewAcct();

    Brass br3("fuck","430722");
    br3.viewAcct();

    Brass br4("fuck","12345456",200.45);
    br4.viewAcct();


    //派生类测试
    Brass br5("faker","430722199209280056",100.0);
    BrassPlus bp1("fucker","88888888",120.0);
    br5.viewAcct();
    bp1.viewAcct();
    br5.withdraw(600);
    bp1.withdraw(600);
    return 0;
}12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728

#include "bank.h"
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int MAX=4;
int main()
{
    Brass * p[MAX];
    string temp;
    string tempacc;
    double tempba;
    char kind;

    for(int i=0;i<MAX;i++)
    {
        cout<<"Enter client's name: ";
        getline(cin,temp);
        cout<<"Enter client's account number: ";
        cin>>tempacc;
        cout<<"Enter opening balance: ";
        cin>>tempba;
        cout<<"Enter 1 for Brass Account or 2 for BrassPlus Account: ";
        //出错诊断
        while(cin>>kind&&(kind!='1'&&kind!='2'))
            cout<<"Enter 1 for Brass Account or 2 for BrassPlus Account: ";
        if(kind=='1')
        {
            p[i]=new Brass(temp,tempacc,tempba);
        }
        else
        {
            double tmax,trate;
            cout<<"enter the loan limit: ";
            cin>>tmax;
            cout<<"enter the rate: ";
            cin>>trate;
            p[i]=new BrassPlus(temp,tempacc,tempba,tmax,trate);
        }
        while(cin.get()!='\n')
            continue;
    }

    cout<<endl;
    for(int i=0;i<MAX;i++)
    {
        p[i]->viewAcct();
        cout<<endl;
    }
    for(int i=0;i<MAX;i++)
    {
        delete p[i];
    }
    cout<<"Done!!!!\n"<<endl;
    return 0;
}12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455

#ifndef BANK_H_
#define BANK_H_
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

//含有纯虚函数，是一个抽象基类
class AcctABC
{
        private:
            string m_name;
            string m_ID;
            double m_balance;

        protected:
            const string & getName() const
            {
                return m_name;
            }
            const string & getID() const
            {
                return m_ID;
            }
            double getBalance() const
            {
                return m_balance;
            }
        public:
            //构造函数
            AcctABC(const string & name="No Name",
                    const string & ID="-1",double balance=0.0);

            //存款
            void deposit(double money);




            //取款(纯虚函数)
            virtual void withdraw(double money) =0;
            //显示信息（纯虚函数）
            virtual void showIofo() const =0;


            //内联析构函数,别忘记了带上实现。。。。
            virtual ~AcctABC()
            {

            }
};

class Brass : public AcctABC
{
    public:
        Brass(const string & name="NoName",const string & ID="-1",double balance=0.0);

        //取款(重写纯虚函数),这里就不要加=0了
        virtual void withdraw(double money);
        //显示信息（重写纯虚函数）
        virtual void showIofo() const;

        virtual ~Brass()
        {

        }
};


class BrassPlus : public AcctABC
{
    private:
        double m_maxLoan;
        double m_rate;
        double m_owesBank;

    public:
        BrassPlus(const string & name="NoName",const string & ID="-1",double balance=0.0,double maxLoan=500,double rate=0.1);
        BrassPlus(const Brass & br,double maxLoan=500,double rate=0.1);
        //取款(纯虚函数)
        virtual void withdraw(double money);
        //显示信息（纯虚函数）
        virtual void showIofo() const;
        void resetMax(double max)
        {
            m_maxLoan=max;
        }
        void resetRate(double rate)
        {
            m_rate=rate;
        }
        void resetOwes()
        {
            m_owesBank=0.0;
        }
};
#endif123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596

#include "bank.h"
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

//实现抽象基类中可以实现的构造函数和其他函数
AcctABC::AcctABC(const string & name,const string & ID,double balance)
{
    m_name=name;
    m_ID=ID;
    m_balance=balance;
}

void AcctABC::deposit(double money)
{
    if(money<0)
        cout<<"money can't be a negetive number!!!"<<endl;
    else
        {
            m_balance+=money;
            cout<<"deposit DONE !!!!!!"<<endl;
        }
}

void AcctABC::withdraw(double money)
{
    m_balance-=money;
}


//实现Brass类以及其中的虚函数
Brass::Brass(const string & name,const string & ID,double balance):AcctABC(name,ID,balance)
{

}

void Brass::withdraw(double money)
{
    if(money<0)
        cout<<"money can't be a negetive number!!!"<<endl;
    else if(money<=getBalance())
        {
            AcctABC::withdraw(money);
            cout<<"withsraw DONE!!!!!"<<endl;
        }
    else
        cout<<"no enough money to withdraw"<<endl;

}

void Brass::showIofo() const
{
    cout<<"Infomation:"<<endl;
    cout<<"Name: "<<getName()<<endl;
    cout<<"ID"<<getID()<<endl;
    cout<<"Balance: "<<getBalance()<<endl;
    cout<<"----------end---------"<<endl<<endl;
}

//实现Brassplus类 以及其中的虚函数。
BrassPlus::BrassPlus(const string & name,const string & ID,double balance,double maxLoan,doublerate):AcctABC(name,ID,balance)
{
    m_maxLoan=maxLoan;
    m_rate=rate;
    m_owesBank=0.0;
}

BrassPlus::BrassPlus(const Brass & br,double maxLoan,double rate):AcctABC(br)
{
    m_maxLoan=maxLoan;
    m_rate=rate;
    m_owesBank=0.0;
}

void BrassPlus::withdraw(double money)
{
    if(money<0)
        cout<<"money can't be a negetive number!!!"<<endl;
    else if(money<=getBalance())
        {
            AcctABC::withdraw(money);
            cout<<"withsraw DONE!!!!!"<<endl;
        }
    else
        {
            cout<<"other method to shutdown!!!"<<endl;
        }
}

void BrassPlus::showIofo() const
{
    cout<<"Infomation:"<<endl;
    cout<<"Name: "<<getName()<<endl;
    cout<<"ID"<<getID()<<endl;
    cout<<"Balance: "<<getBalance()<<endl;
    cout<<"MaxLoan: "<<m_maxLoan<<endl;
    cout<<"Rate: "<<m_rate<<endl;
    cout<<"OwesBank: "<<m_owesBank<<endl;
    cout<<"----------end---------"<<endl<<endl;
}123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100

include "bank2.h"
include <string>
include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int MAX=4;
int main()
{
    //从抽象基类定义出来的指针
    AcctABC * p[MAX];
    string temp_name;
    string temp_ID;
    double temp_balance;
    char kind;
    int i;
    for(i=0;i<MAX;i++)
    {
        cout<<"Enter client's name: ";
        getline(cin,temp_name);
        cout<<"Enter client's ID: ";
        cin>>temp_ID;
        cout<<"Enter client's balance: ";
        cin>>temp_balance;
        cin>>kind;
        cout<<"Enter the kind you want to create."<<endl;
        cout<<"1 for Brass and 2 for BrassPlus:";
        while(cin>>kind&&(kind!='1'&&kind!='2'))
            cout<<"Enter 1 or 2!!!"<<endl;
        if(kind=='1')
            p[i]=new Brass(temp_name,temp_ID,temp_balance);
        else
        {
            double temp_max,temp_rate;
            cout<<"Enter the maxloan:";
            cin>>temp_max;
            cout<<"Enter the rate:";
            cin>>temp_rate;
            p[i]=new BrassPlus(temp_name,temp_ID,temp_balance,temp_max,temp_rate);

        }
        while(cin.get()!='\n')
            continue;
    }
    cout<<endl;
        for(i=0;i<MAX;i++)
        {
            p[i]->showIofo();
            cout<<endl;
        }


    for(i=0;i<MAX;i++)
    {
        delete p[i];
    }
    cout<<"----------DONE!----------"<<endl;
    return 0;
}